Here's the highlights of the class activities..

Unit 6: Four Friends

The word simile is pronounced SIM-il-ee.

Some common similes (plus their meaning) include:

As alike as two peas in a pod (meaning identical
As blind as a bat (can't see very well at all)
As busy as a bee (very busy)
As cold as a fish (unemotional)
As clean as a whistle (very clean)
As clear as mud (ironic, meaning not clear at all)
As cool as a cucumber (someone who stays calm)
As delicate as a flower (fragile)
As easy as ABC (very simple)
Fit as a fiddle (very healthy)
Free as a bird (free to go anywhere)
Fresh as a daisy (clean and fresh)
As gentle as a lamb (very gentle)
Good as gold (very good)
Red as a beet (embarrassed)
To Leak like a sieve (full of holes)
As light as a feather (light in weight)
As plain as day (clear to see)
As quick as a wink (happens in a short amount of time)

Sleep like a baby (sleeping soundly)
As silly as a goose (very foolish)
As hard as nails (a person who is very tough)
As slow as molasses (moves very slowly)
As old as the hills (very old)
Pure as driven snow (innocent, chaste)
Run like the wind (run very quickly)
Sick as a dog (very sick)
As slippery as a fish (a person who is not trustworthy)
Sly as a fox (a person who is clever and tricky)
As smooth as silk (very smooth)
Snug as a bug in a rug (comfortable and warm)
Strong as an ox (very strong)
Sturdy as an oak tree (very strong)
As stubborn as a mule (very obstinate)
Sweet as honey (very sweet)
Tall as a tree (very tall)
Thick as a brick (not very smart)
As tough as nails (very tough)
As wise as an owl (very wise)

source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/english/simile/

Adverbs

Adverbs are used to modify verbs. They tell us when, how, in what manner, or to what extend an action is performed.

Some examples:

When: He ran yesterday.

Where: He ran here.

How: He ran quickly.

In what manner: He ran barefoot.

To what extent: He ran fastest.

Source: http://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/adverbs.htm

source:http://mrswarnerarlington.weebly.com/adverbs.html

Youtube: Adverbs

Game: Adverbs or Adjectives

http://www.ezschool.com/Tutorials/English/Adverbs/Intro.html

http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/adverb_trail/index.html

Adverb of Time

Adverbs of Time List

List of common single-word time adverbs

points of time (definite):

now
then
today
tomorrow
tonight
yesterday

frequency (definite):

annually
daily
fortnightly
hourly
monthly
nightly
quarterly
weekly
yearly

The word "bimonthly" is ambiguous and best avoided. Bimonthly can mean "twice a month" or "every two months". The same is true of "biyearly"/"biannually".

frequency (indefinite):

always
constantly
ever
frequently
generally
infrequently
never
normally
occasionally
often
rarely
regularly
seldom
sometimes
regularly
usually

relationships in time (indefinite):

already
before
early
earlier
eventually
finally
first
formerly
just
last
late
later
lately
next
previously
recently
since
soon
still
yet

source: http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/adverbs-time.htm

Adverb of Manner

Adverbs of Manner List

Alphabetical list of common single-word manner adverbs

Adverbs of manner form the largest group of adverbs. We make most of them simply by adding -ly to their corresponding adjective. This is an alphabetical list of 130 common single-word adverbs of manner. Adverbs of manner that do not end in -ly are shown in bold.

accidentally
angrily
anxiously
awkwardly
badly
beautifully
blindly
boldly
bravely
brightly
busily
calmly
carefully
carelessly
cautiously
cheerfully
clearly
closely
correctly
courageously
cruelly
daringly
deliberately
doubtfully
eagerly
easily
elegantly
enormously
enthusiastically
equally
eventually
exactly
faithfully
fast
fatally
fiercely
fondly
foolishly
fortunately
frankly
frantically
generously
gently
gladly
gracefully
greedily
happily
hard
hastily
healthily
honestly
hungrily
hurriedly
inadequately
ingeniously
innocently
inquisitively
irritably
joyously
justly
kindly
lazily
loosely
loudly
madly
mortally
mysteriously
neatly
nervously
noisily
obediently
openly
painfully
patiently
perfectly
politely
poorly
powerfully
promptly
punctually
quickly
quietly
rapidly
rarely
really
recklessly
regularly
reluctantly
repeatedly
rightfully
roughly
rudely
sadly
safely
selfishly
sensibly
seriously
sharply
shyly
silently
sleepily
slowly
smoothly
so
softly
solemnly
speedily
stealthily
sternly
straight
stupidly
successfully
suddenly
suspiciously
swiftly
tenderly
tensely
thoughtfully
tightly
truthfully
unexpectedly
victoriously
violently
vivaciously
warmly
weakly
wearily
well
wildly
wisely

source: http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/adverbs-manner.htm

Adverbs of Duration

Adverbs of duration tell us how long something happened.

They include; briefly, forever, long, shortly, permanantly, temporarily etc.

For example:

"They were occupied." = "They were briefly occupied." - In this sentence briefly shows us the duration.

"The phone was out of order." = "The phone was temporarily out of order." - In this sentence temporarily shows us the duration.

- See more at: http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/adverbduration.html#sthash.cczqel3J.dpuf

Unit 9: Passive Voice

Passive Voice

source: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.
Simple Present	Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.
Simple Past	Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.
Present Perfect	Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Future I	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.
Future I	Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Hilfsverben	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.
Hilfsverben	Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Present Progressive	Active:	Rita	is writing	a letter.
Present Progressive	Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Rita.
Past Progressive	Active:	Rita	was writing	a letter.
Past Progressive	Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Rita.
Past Perfect	Active:	Rita	had written	a letter.
Past Perfect	Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Rita.
Future II	Active:	Rita	will have written	a letter.
Future II	Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.
Conditional I	Active:	Rita	would write	a letter.
Conditional I	Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Rita.
Conditional II	Active:	Rita	would have written	a letter.
Conditional II	Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter	to me.
Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Rita.
Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Rita.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English,Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

Welcome to Class 4.5

4.5 English

Adverbs of Time List

List of common single-word time adverbs

Adverbs of Manner List

Alphabetical list of common single-word manner adverbs

Unit 9: Passive Voice

Passive Voice

Form of Passive

Examples of Passive

Examples of Passive

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Exercises

Exercises on Passive (Form)

Exercises on Passive (Active → Passive)

Exercises on Passive (Active or Passive)

Grammar in Texts

Tests on Passiv

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